James joyce, p.33
James Joyce, page 33
37. ‘The Parnell Campaign of 1880, Part II’, Freeman’s Journal, 31 March 1891. Part 1 appeared in the Freeman’s Journal on 24 March 1891.
38. Freeman’s Journal, 7 March 1891. The United Ireland of 3 January 1891 carried an article entitled ‘Irish Loyalty to English “Friends”’ that encompassed a critique of the Church and went back to the ‘Flight of the Earls’ [the term given to the departure of the Gaelic aristocracy of Ulster at the beginning of the seventeenth century—Eds.].
39. Callanan, ‘Joyce and the United Irishman’, 53.
40. Letter to editor, Freeman’s Journal, 12 March 1891.
41. Letter to editor, Freeman’s Journal, 12 March 1891. Barry O’Brien mistakenly believed he was endorsing the sentiments of ‘Sacerdos’, but they were those of ‘A Leinster Priest’. Both letters had appeared together in the Freeman’s Journal, 7 March 1891. ‘Sacerdos’ had made a striking point: ‘The clergy must not forget that we have educated the people; that they are no longer children, but intelligent men, able to think and act for themselves. We have only to turn to France or Italy to see the effects of trying to keep the clerical sucking-bottle in the mouths of men.’
42. John O’Leary, Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism (London: Downey, 1896), 2:40.
43. James Connolly, Labour, Nationality and Religion: Being a Discussion of the Lenten Discourses against Socialism Delivered by Father Kane in Gardiner Street Church, Dublin, 1910 (Dublin: n.p., [1910]), republished in James Connolly, Selected Writings, ed. P. Berresford Ellis (London: Penguin, 1973), 57–117. It is striking that Connolly—quite deliberately—makes no reference to the Parnell Split.
44. OCPW 115–16.
45. While Irish references to the Act of Union were generally to the Irish act, two identical measures were passed in 1800 by the Irish and British Parliaments which created, with effect from 1 January 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
46. P 1.1101–7.
47. P 1.1101–7.
48. Colin Barr, ‘Paul Cullen’, DIB 2:1073–74. Larkin analyses Cullen’s condemnation of Fenianism in his pastoral letter of 10 October 1865, reprinted in Emmet Larkin, The Consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, 1860–70 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1987), 404–7.
49. P 1.1110–12.
50. Freeman’s Journal, 25 February 1891.
51. This was the burden of Walsh’s letter of 6 August 1891 to the editor of the Irish Catholic, in response to ‘the theologians of the Freeman’s Journal’.
52. Freeman’s Journal, 25 February 1891. The editorial echoed the argument of Redmond’s speech.
53. Freeman’s Journal, 20 April 1891; National Press, 20 April 1891; Callanan, T. M. Healy, 374.
54. Freeman’s Journal, 4 March 1891.
55. Freeman’s Journal, 11 March 1891.
56. Freeman’s Journal, 25 February 1891.
57. J. E. Redmond, ‘The Lesson of South Meath’, Fortnightly Review, n.s., 53, no. 313 (1 January 1893): 2. Redmond adroitly strove to vaunt the outcome of the petition while asserting it established that Irish nationalists were capable of transcending clerical influence. The Parnellites lost the ensuing by-elections in both of the Meath constituencies.
58. The issue is considered in J. H. Whyte, ‘The Influence of the Catholic Clergy on Elections in Nineteenth Century Ireland’, English Historical Review 75 (April 1960): 239–59; C. J. Woods, ‘The General Election of 1892: The Catholic Clergy and the Defeat of the Parnellites’, in Ireland under the Union: Essays in Honour of T. W. Moody, ed. F.S.L. Lyons and R.A.J. Hawkins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 289–319; and Frank Callanan, ‘ “Clerical Dictation”: Reflections on the Catholic Church and the Parnell Split’, Archivium Hibernicum 45 (1980): 64–75.
59. U 2.51.
60. United Ireland, 16 July 1892.
61. United Ireland, 16 July 1892.
62. United Ireland, 6 May 1893.
63. W. B. Yeats, ‘Come Gather Round Me, Parnellites’, in The Variorum Edition of the Poems of W. B. Yeats, ed. Peter Allt and Russell K. Alspach (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 350, lines 25–26.
64. FW 602.25–26.
65. Irish Catholic, 9 March 1918; Callanan, T. M. Healy, 227–28.
66. Irish Catholic, 13 December 1890.
67. Irish Catholic, 27 December 1890.
68. Irish Catholic, 31 January 1891.
69. Irish Catholic, 14 February 1891.
70. Irish Catholic, 8 August 1891.
71. Irish Catholic, 8 August 1891.
72. Irish Catholic, 15 August 1891.
73. Irish Catholic, 22 August 1891.
74. United Ireland, 10 October 1891.
75. United Ireland, 24 October 1891.
76. Callanan, T. M. Healy, 369.
77. Irish Times, 4 March 1918.
78. Callanan, T. M. Healy, 487.
79. New Irish Review, March and May 1905.
80. W. F. Dennehy, ‘The Irish Situation’, Catholic World 84 (December 1906): 298.
81. Irish Catholic, 9 March 1918.
82. Callanan, T. M. Healy, 228.
83. U 7.61–62.
84. P 1.1027–28.
85. Lyons, ‘James Joyce’s Dublin’, 20.
86. See Thomas J. Morrissey, ‘Thomas Aloysius Finlay and Peter Finlay’, DIB 3:789–91. T. A. Finlay edited Lyceum from September 1887 to October 1891; its editor for the remainder of its existence was William Magennis. Its mission was thus formulated in the Jesuit history of the college and was noted, curiously enough, to have attracted the attention of W. T. Stead: ‘The Lyceum was endeavouring to pull the Irish Catholic out of his political rut, to give him a Catholic consciousness which would inform his life in other directions beyond the mere interests of party politics. Stead, with his flair for new movements, seems to have seen the Lyceum in a clearer light than its Irish readers, for again and again he noticed it in his Review of Reviews’. It was succeeded in 1894 by the better-known New Ireland Review. Fathers of the Society of Jesus, A Page of Irish History: Story of University College, Dublin, 1883–1909 (Dublin: Talbot, 1930), 289–90, 298–99, 299–322.
87. ‘Its staff were all connected with the College, and as such their interests were primarily scholastic’. Curran, Under the Receding Wave, 76.
88. Curran, Under the Receding Wave, 76–79. Curran (78) refers to an article on Giordano Bruno. It is in large part an attack on the cult of Bruno (‘But heroes of some kind, the modern Continental democrat must have for worship’) and on the government of Francesco Crispi, but contains an account, probably second hand, of the procession in Bruno’s memory and the unveiling of the monument to Bruno in the Campo de’ Fiori on 9 June 1889. ‘Giordano Bruno and United Italy’, Lyceum 3, no. 25 (September 1889): 7–10.
89. Fathers of the Society of Jesus, Page of Irish History, 297.
90. ‘We are not concerned even to deny that a number of our bishops were mistaken in their Union policy. As a matter of personal opinion, we are very far from thinking them mistaken.’ Lyceum 5, no. 6 (August–September 1892): 267.
91. ‘The Anti-clerical Cry’, Lyceum 6, no. 60 (August–September 1892).
92. ‘The Bishops and Political Morality’, Lyceum 6, no. 62 (November 1892): 23–26
93. ‘The Bishops and Political Morality’.
94. The author could not let go of the idea of addressing the judge at the level of his Catholicism. The article concluded, ‘Incidentally, it has appeared that Mr. Justice O’Brien was singularly unfitted to deal with the facts and inferences of the South Meath Election, so far as their due appreciation involved a knowledge of the doctrines of his Church. But this is a matter of minor moment, and of interest mainly if not solely for the Judge himself.’ ‘The South Meath Judgement’, Lyceum 6, no. 64 (January 1893): 71–78.
95. This followed the definition of the Immaculate Conception in 1884 and the publication of the Syllabus Errorum in 1864, all during the reign of Pius IX (Pio Nono).
96. This is brilliantly analysed in the first and second chapters of John W. O’Malley, Vatican I: The Council and the Making of the Ultramontane Church (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2018). The relevance of ultramontanism for Joyce’s relation to and treatment of Catholicism is discussed in chapter 2 of Geert Lernout, Help My Unbelief: James Joyce and Religion (London: Continuum, 2010), 28–35.
97. As H.C.G. Matthew wrote, ‘The success of ultramontanism seemed to Gladstone to mark a major crisis in the progress of “civic individuality” in Europe, as well as in its effect on Anglican-Roman relations in England and on the Irish situation.’ Matthew, Gladstone, 1809–1874 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 183.
98. ‘The South Meath Judgement’.
99. ‘The South Meath Judgement’.
100. Curran, Under the Receding Wave, 77, 79.
101. The title itself would philosophically have elicited his curiosity as an Aristotelian. The Lyceum was the gymnasium and grove beside the Temple of Apollo in Athens, where Aristotle taught.
102. See chapter 11, ‘ “Professing to Be a Socialist”’.
103. ‘Religion in the Home Rule Controversy’, Lyceum 6, no. 69 (June 1893): 193–94.
104. Gladstone to Parnell, 30 August 1889 (copy), cited in Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898 (London: Allan Lane, Penguin, 1999), 484, 497.
105. Methodist Times, 20 November 1890.
106. Methodist Times, 27 November 1890; John F. Glaser, ‘Parnell’s Fall and the Nonconformist Conscience’, Irish Historical Studies 12 (September 1960): 199–238; Christopher Oldstone-Moore, ‘The Fall of Parnell: Hugh Price Hughes and the Nonconformist Conscience’, Eire-Ireland 30, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 94–110.
107. Methodist Times, 11 December 1890, cited in Oldstone-Moore, ‘Fall of Parnell’, 102.
108. It is fitting in a biographical study of Joyce to add that the great and much lamented authority on Gladstone H.C.G. Matthew recorded that Gladstone, in a memorandum written on 29 December 1890, his birthday, ‘recorded the full extent of the débâcle, triggered by what he called “the sin of Tristram with Isault”’ (Gladstone, 315).
109. W. T. Stead later wrote, ‘It was not until the Nonconformist conscience had begun to move very vigorously in the country, and found expression in the press and especially in the Sheffield caucus, that Mr. Gladstone suddenly woke up to the fact that something ought to be done, and as a result we had the famous letter from Hawarden excommunicating Mr. Parnell.’ Stead, ‘Archbishop Croke’, Review of Reviews 12 (14 September 1895): 213.
110. Daily News, 29 November 1890.
111. In his masterly analysis of the New Journalism, Stephen Koss cites the more temperate formulation of its purpose by T. P. O’Connor, ‘another of the founding fathers of the New Journalism’, in 1889. He notes the embrace of the techniques of the New Journalism by the more staid ‘quality’ dailies: ‘The Times’s reports of the Parnell scandal were worthy of Zola or Flaubert.’ Stephen Koss, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain (1981; repr., London: Fontana 1990), 343–46.
Stead wrote of O’Connor, ‘T. P. was one of the old Pall Mallers who from Morley to Milner have left so deep a dent upon the history of our time. He and I may fairly claim to have revolutionised English journalism’. Stead, ‘Character Sketch: T. P. O’Connor, M. P.’, Review of Reviews 26 (15 November 1902): 478.
112. W. T. Stead, Lest We Forget: A Keepsake from the Nineteenth Century (London: Review of Reviews office, 1901), 51.
113. T. P. O’Connor quoted in William O’Brien, An Olive Branch in Ireland (London: Macmillan, 1910), 10n1.
114. W. T. Stead, ‘Government by Journalism’, Contemporary Review 49 (1886): 664; Koss, Rise and Fall, 14, 343; Backus, Scandal Work, 28, 234n3. Backus writes that in the ‘Circe’ episode of Ulysses, ‘the New Journalism’s keynote sex scandal, “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” flagrantly informs Bloom’s surreal descent into Dublin’s brothel district’ and picks up Bloom’s reference in ‘Eumaeus’ to ‘our modern Babylon’ (Scandal Work, 202–3).
115. Review of Reviews 2 (November 1890): 429, cited in W. Sydney Robinson, Muckraker: The Scandalous Life and Times of W. T. Stead (London: Robson, 2012), 49.
116. W. T. Stead, ‘The Story of an Incident in the Home Rule Cause: The Fall of Mr Parnell’, Review of Reviews 2 (December 1890): 598–608. Harrington is identified as the National League official in Stead’s character sketch of Archbishop Croke (‘Archbishop Croke’, 212).
117. ‘As my action in this matter has been much commented on, I may say that, while I did not like the adultery, it was not the breach of the Seventh Commandment that convinced me that Mr. Parnell had become impossible. The damning thing was the deliberate perfidy with which he had deceived Davitt.’ Stead, ‘Story of an Incident’, 602.
118. ‘Mr. Charles S. Parnell’, Review of Reviews 1 (February 1890): 104–6.
119. W. T. Stead, ‘Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England’, Review of Reviews 22 (15 September 1900): 230–33.
120. Pall Mall Gazette, 8 October 1891; Freeman’s Journal, 9 October 1891.
121. Stead to Gladstone, 19 November 1890, Gladstone Papers, British Library BM Add MS 56448, quoted in Shannon, Gladstone, 497.
122. Stead to Gladstone, 20 November 1890, Gladstone Papers, British Library BM Add MS 56448, f. 30, quoted in Callanan, Parnell Split, 17–18; Shannon, Gladstone, 497.
123. Daily Chronicle, 21 November 1890. The ‘manifesto’ was by Stead and Dr H. T. Lunn. It elicited an impressive rejoinder from R. B. Cunninghame Graham in the Star (25 November 1890).
124. Stead, ‘Story of an Incident’, 606–7.
125. ‘The Story of the Parnell Crisis’, Pall Mall Gazette, ‘Extra’ No. 54, January 1891, 37.
126. W. T. Stead, The Discrowned King of Ireland (London: Review of Reviews, 1890), 2. Stead had a strange fixation on the influence exerted by older women over the male politicians whose lovers they were: ‘That weird legend of the Northern lands is not more tragic or more pitiful than the story of the part played by women of late years in the great tragedy of contemporary history. That Strange Woman has played the Werewolf with a vengeance among the foremost men of our time.… The Were-Wolf Woman of Irish politics cannot be shaken off.’ Stead, ‘Mrs. O’Shea’, Review of Reviews 2 (December 1890): 529.
127. Stead, The Discrowned King of Ireland, 4.
128. Stead, The Discrowned King of Ireland, 8, 11, 14.
129. Stead, ‘Story of an Incident’, 598–608.
130. Irish Catholic, 29 November 1890.
131. Manchester Guardian, 24 November 1890.
132. Manchester Guardian, 26 November 1890.
133. Freeman’s Journal, 31 March 1891; also see 10 April 1891.
134. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’.
135. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’.
136. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’. Some five years later in a ‘character sketch’ of Archbishop Croke, Stead asserted that Parnell, seeking to elicit Croke’s support for the Land League, had fallen on his knees before the archbishop. Stead wrote without the least trace of irony, ‘It was a great scene which Thurles Palace witnessed that day, and one which perhaps an Irish Nationalist painter will commemorate some day. Mr. Parnell, a politician and leader of the Irish race, falling, Protestant though he was, at the feet of the Archbishop of Cashel, would make a very effective subject for a fresco on the walls of the Parliament House on College Green in which the first Home Rule Parliament assembled’ (‘Archbishop Croke’, 210).
137. Hugh Price Hughes, ‘The Science of Preaching’, New Review, June 1891, 494.
138. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’.
139. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’, 336–37.
140. Stead, ‘North Kilkenny’, 337; Callanan, Parnell Split, 72–73.
141. It does not follow that it is valid to treat scandal, which might be the subject of an allegorical renaissance or baroque engraving, as a free-standing theme of Joyce’s writing. Joyce’s treatment of the Parnell Split is pre-eminently political, and informed by a philosophical aversion to introducing issues of sexual morality into politics. While Margot Gayle Backus, in her Scandal Work, offers some perceptive insights into Joyce’s rendering of how scandal takes effect, ‘scandal’ in the works of Joyce of which she writes (which do not include Finnegans Wake) is a by-product of political conflict rather than a subject in itself. It is not the most advantageous point of departure to refer to ‘Victorian Ireland’s greatest sex scandal, the so called “Fall of Parnell”’, blurring its political setting, nor to assert that ‘Wilde ranks with Parnell as an iconic figure for scandal and its ills in Joyce’s work’; Backus, Scandal Work, 2–3. Wilde is not a commensurate figure with Parnell in Joyce’s thought and work, while it is true that Joyce’s mellowing treatment of Wilde in his 1909 article for Il Piccolo della Sera, in which he refers to the ‘howl of puritanical joy’ that greeted Wilde’s ‘fall’, makes a tacit but important political equation of Wilde’s fate with Parnell’s (OCPW 148–51).
