James joyce, p.88
James Joyce, page 88
1. Quoted in L. Veneziani Svevo, Memoir of Italo Svevo, 154. Svevo delivered his lecture at the literary circle of the periodical Il Convegno in Milan on 26 March 1927.
2. Joyce to Stanislaus Joyce, postcard postmark 30 August 1912, Letters II 315.
3. Giorgio Melchiori, ‘The Language of Politics and the Politics of Language’, James Joyce Broadsheet 4 (February 1981): 1; OCPW x–xi. Joyce in 1913 attempted to have his essay on Daniel Defoe published in a journal in Florence, Il Marzocco. Corinna del Greco Lobner, ‘A Giornalista Triestino: James Joyce’s Letter to Il Marzocco’, Joyce Studies Annual 4 (Summer 1993): 184–91.
4. OCPW xi–xii, quoting letter of Melchiori to the editor.
5. OCPW 111.
6. OCPW 125.
7. OCPW 108.
8. OCPW 118.
9. OCPW 114.
10. W. J. McCormack, From Burke to Beckett (Cork: Cork University Press, 1994), 264.
11. OCPW 108.
12. Turlough O’Riordain, ‘James MacGeoghegan’, DIB 5:1022–23.
13. James MacGeoghegan, The History of Ireland Ancient and Modern, with a Continuation from the Treaty of Limerick to the Present Time by John Mitchel (New York: D. and J. Sadlier, 1868), 186–213.
14. John Healy, Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum; or, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars (Dublin: Sealy Bryers and Walker and M. H. Gill and Son, 1890). Healy states (at 468–69) of this work that Alfred, later king of the Northumbrian Saxons, had studied in Ireland, and quotes the first two verses of James Clarence Mangan’s translation of a poem attributed to Alfred. Joyce, in his lecture, translates into Italian the first verse of Mangan’s translation (OCPW 112–13). Joyce did not have access to what Henry R. Montgomery referred to as O’Donovan’s ‘admirable literal translation’. Henry R. Montgomery, Specimens of the Early Native Poetry of Ireland, (Dublin: James McGlashan, 1846); James Clarence Mangan, The Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Poems, 1845–1847, ed. Jacques Chuto (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996), 437. He would scarcely have preferred O’Donovan’s over Mangan’s translation if he had. Joyce affectionately parodies the poem in the ‘Cyclops’ episode of Ulysses (U 12.68–86). There are declared translations of two verses of ‘O’Hussey’s Ode to the Maguire’ in Joyce’s Mangan lecture (OCPW 266).
15. Patrick Maume, ‘John Healy’, DIB 4:561–64.
16. Len Platt’s insistence that Joyce set out to displace the historiographical model of Anglo-Irish cultural revivalism, and specifically its emphasis on pre-Christian Ireland, seems for this reason misconceived. Len H. Platt, ‘Joyce and the Anglo-Irish Revival: The Triestine Lectures’, James Joyce Quarterly 29, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 259–66; Len H. Platt, James Joyce: Texts and Contexts (London: Continuum, 2011), 23–24.
17. OCPW 114.
18. OCPW 116.
19. OCPW 118.
20. United Irishman, 24 March, 31 March, 7 April 1900. Griffith, as Joyce knew, was being egged on by Maud Gonne, whose article ‘The Famine Queen’ appeared in the edition of 7 April 1900.
21. OCPW 119.
22. OCPW 125.
23. OCPW 121.
24. OCPW 120.
25. These are discussed in P. W. Joyce, A Short History of Ireland, 3rd ed. (London: Longmans Green, 1904), 166; though it does not appear that Joyce used this work for his lecture.
26. Joyce to Valéry Larbaud, 28 July 1924, Letters I 217.
27. OCPW 109.
28. OCPW 125.
29. OCPW 120.
30. FW 472.36–473.1.
31. OCPW 114–15.
32. OCPW 115. Joyce also rendered an account of a horrific story Parnell had been told as a boy by the old lodge keeper at Avondale of the killing of a 1798 rebel by the lashing of his stomach (OCPW 119). This was a story Parnell often recounted. It appears in R. Barry O’Brien’s biography: Charles Stewart Parnell, 1:53–54. However, it also appears in T. P. O’Connor’s earlier Charles Stewart Parnell: A Memory (London: Ward, Lock, Bowden, 1891), 12–13. For what it is worth, O’Connor states, as O’Brien does not, that the man was to be flogged to death at the end of a cart, and Joyce refers to the victim being tied to a carriage. The relevance is as to whether Joyce in Trieste owned or had access to a copy of O’Brien’s biography before he acquired the 1910 Nelson Library edition that was in his library in Trieste. Katharine Tynan later gave a further account of the story that Parnell retold that concludes, ‘In this story told by old Gaffney, the gatekeeper at Avondale, to the growing boy—Mr. Parnell used to tell it without apparent emotion—lay the genesis of a great Irish rebel’ (Twenty-Five Years, 88). Joyce presumably, for the sake of simplicity, characterised the victim as ‘a peasant who had infringed against the penal laws’ and asserted that it was this story that rendered Parnell ‘a thorn in the side of the English’ (OCPW 119). Joyce’s somewhat heightened rendering (‘his intestines spilling out on the road’) served as the lecture’s set piece of gruesome English cruelty for his Triestine audience.
33. Callanan, T. M. Healy, 321–33.
34. OCPW 113.
35. OCPW 118–19.
36. Joyce to Stanislaus Joyce, 15 November 1906, Letters II 191–92. The two passages are juxtaposed by Colin MacCabe, who writes, ‘If we reflect on these quotations, I think that it becomes clear why the hero of Ulysses is a Protestant Jew and that of Finnegans Wake is a Scandinavian Protestant. The notion of miscegenation at the level of biology, culture and language is crucial to Joyce’. Colin MacCabe, James Joyce and the Revolution of the Word, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), xxii–xxiv.
37. OCPW 115–16.
38. OCPW 115.
39. OCPW 121.
40. OCPW 125.
41. The translation is harsher than the Italian. He spoke merely of ‘il troppo celebre Oscar Wilde’ (OCPW 257). At the end of the lecture, he quoted what Wilde had said about the Irish being ‘the greatest talkers since the days of the ancient Greeks’ to ‘a friend of mine’. The friend was Yeats (OCPW 126).
42. OCPW 122–23.
43. OCPW 124.
44. OCPW 124.
45. OCPW 125.
46. OCPW 125–26.
47. Callanan, Parnell Split, 63.
48. Stanislaus Joyce, Triestine diary, 20 April 1907, quoted in McCourt, Years of Bloom, 117.
49. Potts, Portraits of the Artist, 27.
50. OCPW 124.
51. Tamaro’s anti-Slavism, as expressed in subsequently published works, is discussed in John McCourt, ‘Joyce on National Deliverance: The View from 1907 Trieste’, Prospero: Rivista di culture anglo-germaniche 5 (1998): 27–48.
52. OCPW 109.
53. Ellmann, James Joyce, 259, 769n27. This is taken from the Triestine diary of Stanislaus Joyce, 27–28 April 1907.
54. Pelaschiar, ‘Stanislaus Joyce’s “Book of Days”’, 68–69. Pelaschiar points out that Ellmann (James Joyce, 258), who used the diary for his account of the lecture, did not comment on Nora’s presence outside the hall. She is critical of Ellmann’s scant use of the Triestine diary, to which he had access. The Triestine diary remains unpublished.
55. McCourt, Years of Bloom, 117; Ellmann, James Joyce, 259.
56. OCPW 127–36.
57. OCPW 130.
58. OCPW 128.
59. OCPW 137.
60. OCPW 137.
61. Stanislaus Joyce records that the article was ‘sensibly changed in some points’ by the editorial staff. Triestine diary, 9–31 April 1907, quoted in McCourt, Years of Bloom, 109.
62. Stanislaus Joyce, Triestine diary, quoted in McCourt, ‘Joyce on National Deliverance’, 36–37.
63. OCPW 138.
64. OCPW 138.
65. OCPW 139.
66. OCPW 140.
67. U 16.1057–60.
68. OCPW 138.
69. OCPW 138.
70. OCPW 140.
71. OCPW 140–41.
72. Meleady, John Redmond, 100–108.
73. Sinn Féin, 13 April 1907.
74. Sinn Féin, 13 April 1907.
75. Sinn Féin, 11 May 1907. Deeming the bill ‘an insult to the Irish nation’, the national executive of the recently constituted Sinn Féin called on ‘the Irishmen who have attended the British Parliament during the last 21 years in support of the British Liberal Party, to withdraw from parliament and return to Ireland to devise in conjunction with others means of advancing the international recognition of Ireland’s political rights’ (Sinn Féin, 18 May 1907).
76. OCPW 143.
77. OCPW 144.
78. OCPW 142.
79. OCPW 144.
80. OCPW 328.
81. Aside from the familiarity displayed with English politics and politicians, Joyce refers to the frequency with which parliamentary sketch writers picked up on Arthur Balfour’s ‘absorbed and quibbling manner’ (OCPW 157).
82. Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–22 (London: Faber and Faber, 2013), 30–52.
83. Freeman’s Journal, 6 January 1911, quoted in Meleady, John Redmond, 186–87.
84. OCPW 157–58.
85. OCPW 155. The Italian phrase ‘guerra sorda’ (OCPW 223) is open to more than one rendering, but that of ‘a secret war’ makes little sense (OCPW 155).
86. OCPW 157.
87. Chamberlain had from 1906 withdrawn from public life and died in 1914.
88. OCPW 157.
89. OCPW 157.
90. Callanan, T. M. Healy, 703n65.
91. James Quinn, ‘Arthur James Balfour’, DIB 1:239–42.
92. OCPW 158.
93. ‘The Irish Liberal Party’, Sinn Féin, 24 December 1909.
94. Fanning, Fatal Path, 50–57.
95. OCPW 159.
96. Griffith, in a similar vein, accused the United Irish League of seeking to merge the Irish in ‘the English Liberal-Labour Party’ (Sinn Féin, 24 December 1909).
97. OCPW 145; A. Hardiman, Joyce in Court, 52.
98. Daily Express, 22 October 1902.
99. Irish Times, 22 October 1902.
100. Daily Express, 22 October 1902.
101. Irish Times, 22 October 1902.
102. Ballinrobe Chronicle, 30 October 1902, quoted in Jarlath Waldron, Maamtrasna: The Murders and the Mystery (Dublin: Edmund Burke, 1992), 307.
103. Freeman’s Journal, 25 October 1902.
104. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 307–11.
105. Freeman’s Journal, 25 October 1902.
106. Daily Express, 21 August 1882.
107. Daily Express, 21 August 1882.
108. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 29, 35–36, 40–42.
109. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 54, 132.
110. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 108–23; Daily Express, 20 November 1882. Myles Joyce and his co-accused were not the only Irish speakers sentenced to death in Green Street Courthouse in this period, but there appears to have been something striking in his protests. Katharine Tynan, then a member of the Ladies Land League, recalled, ‘I saw more than one murder trial in Green Street. I suppose it was the psychology of the crowd that carried me thither and kept me there. I remember those Irish-speaking prisoners who stood in the dock, their arms outstretched in the form of a cross, while the sentence was passed in a tongue of which they did not understand a word, after a trial in the same strange speech’ (Twenty-Five Years, 81).
111. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 126–31, 140.
112. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 149–51.
113. T. P. O’Connor, The Parnell Movement, 2nd ed. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1886), 473–74.
114. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 132. United Ireland redeemed itself with a famous editorial of 23 December 1882 entitled ‘Accusing Spirits’; Waldron, Maamtrasna, 156–57.
115. Tynan, Twenty-Five Years, 79.
116. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 167–69, 172–75, 179.
117. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 197.
118. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 179; T. M. Healy, Letters and Leaders of My Day (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1928), 1:186–89.
119. J. L. Hammond, Gladstone and the Irish Nation (London: Longmans, Green), 319–21.
120. Stephen Gwynn and Gertrude Tuckwell, The Life of the Rt. Hon Sir Charles W. Dilke (London: John Murray, 1917), 2:138–39.
121. T. P. O’Connor, Gladstone’s House of Commons (London: Ward and Downey, 1885), 553–54. This originally appeared as a parliamentary sketch in the Pall Mall Gazette.
122. T. M. Healy, Letters and Leaders, 1:188. Harcourt could not pronounce the name Maamtrasna, which he pronounced as ‘Mantrasma’.
123. Hammond, Gladstone and the Irish Nation, 380–82. The piously Gladstonian Hammond commented, ‘Thus the ghost of Maamtrasna still worked mischief’ (382).
124. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 297–300; T. Harrington, The Maamtrasna Massacre (Dublin: Nation Office, 1884), ix.
125. C. C. O’Brien, Parnell and His Party, 3.
126. R. B. O’Brien, Charles Stewart Parnell, 1:311–12. O’Brien notes that threatening notices to landlords or refractory tenants were signed ‘Captain Moonlight’.
127. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 249.
128. George Bolton, A Short Account of the Discovery and Conviction of the ‘Invincibles’ (Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1887), 34–35. Michael Davitt largely adopted Bolton’s account (Fall of Feudalism, 384). For the dissemination of Bolton’s hypothesis at the time, see Waldron, Maamtrasna, 20; and the reports collated under the heading ‘Crime and Law in Ireland’, Irish Times, 21 August 1882.
129. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 30.
130. Harrington, Maamtrasna Massacre, ix. Big John Casey headed a list remarkably entitled ‘The Actual Murderers (Now Alleged)’.
131. Waldron, Maamtrasna, 180.
132. Jackson and Costello, John Stanislaus Joyce, 121–22.
133. The possibility that Joyce had reheard of Maamtrasna from Nora does not warrant Kevin Barry’s statement that ‘his version of the Maamtrasna murders is the shreds of a story told by his wife Nora’ (OCPW xxi).
134. OCPW 145.
135. Freeman’s Journal, 20 November 1902; Waldron, Maamtrasna, 121–22.
136. OCPW 145.
137. OCPW 146.
138. OCPW 126.
139. OCPW 146.
140. James Joyce, The Critical Writings of James Joyce, ed. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann (New York: Viking, 1959), 198n2; Maume, Long Gestation, 80.
141. OCPW 146.
142. OCPW 146–47.
143. Hardiman, Joyce in Court, 68–75.
144. OCPW 147.
145. OCPW 145.
146. OCPW, x–xiii.
147. Quoted in McCourt, Years of Bloom, 113. These ‘Notes on Ireland’ are in the Cornell Joyce Collection archives.
148. Charles Joyce to Stanislaus Joyce, 5 September 1912, Letters II 316.
149. FW 85.22–23, 93.2. The references that point towards Maamtrasna are enumerated in Christine O’Neill-Bernhard, ‘Symbol of the Irish Nation, or of a Foulfamed Potheen District: James Joyce on Myles Joyce’, James Joyce Quarterly 32, nos. 3–4 (Spring and Summer 1995): 712–21. One of those references, ‘the one fellow’s fetch being the other follow’s person’ (FW 85.28–29), if it relates to Maamtrasna as seems likely, suggests that Joyce had read more on Maamtrasna than he had before the 1907 article. O’Neill-Bernhard’s complaint that Joyce’s sympathy for the plight of Myles Joyce in 1907 ‘gives way in the Wake to a pig-in-the-parlor style burlesque’ is unwarranted (721).
